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See editing example. Have a language expert improve your writing. Check your paper for plagiarism in 10 minutes. Do the check. Generate your APA citations for free! APA Citation Generator. Home Knowledge Base Methodology How to write a hypothesis. What can proofreading do for your paper? Is this article helpful? Shona McCombes Shona has a bachelor's and two master's degrees, so she's an expert at writing a great thesis. She has also worked as an editor and teacher, working with students at all different levels to improve their academic writing.
Other students also liked. How to define your research problem A research problem is the specific issue, contradiction, or gap you will address. It gives your research a clear purpose and justification. The null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the two variables being studied one variable does not affect the other.
There will be no changes in the dependent variable due to the manipulation of the independent variable. It states results are due to chance and are not significant in terms of supporting the idea being investigated. A non-directional two-tailed hypothesis predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified. It just states that there will be a difference. A directional one-tailed hypothesis predicts the nature of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
It predicts in which direction the change will take place. Upon analysis of the results, an alternative hypothesis can be rejected or supported, but it can never be proven to be correct. The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher and the dependent variable is the outcome which is measured. This is essentially the theory that you will be testing. If you are not able to predict the answer to your question then your approach is not one of theory testing and you should not proceed with developing hypotheses to test.
Your research questions remain as such. This will be the case if your research is descriptive or exploratory in nature. Which of the example research questions stated in 4. Our definition of a hypothesis stresses that it can be tested.
To meet this criterion the hypothesis must be operationalised - that is the concepts employed in the hypothesis must be measurable. Developing hypotheses requires that you identify one character, variable or descriptor of a sampling unit that causes, affects, or has an influence on, another character, variable or descriptor of the same or other sampling units. The character, variable or descriptor that affects other variables or sampling units is called the independent variable.
The character, variable or descriptor which is affected by the independent variable is called the dependent variable or response variable. Note that although for the purposes of research methodology some variables may be called 'dependent' when investigating their relationship with other 'independent' variables, this does not imply the existence of a causal as compared with associative relationship unless strict rules of research design are followed.
This issue is discussed in more detail later in the module. There are two criteria for good hypotheses. In the figure on the left, we see this situation illustrated graphically. The alternative hypothesis — your prediction that the program will decrease absenteeism — is shown there. The null must account for the other two possible conditions: no difference, or an increase in absenteeism.
The figure shows a hypothetical distribution of absenteeism differences. When your prediction does not specify a direction, we say you have a two-tailed hypothesis. The drug has gone through some initial animal trials, but has not yet been tested on humans. In this case, you might state the two hypotheses like this:. HO: As a result of mg.
HA: As a result of mg. The figure on the right illustrates this two-tailed prediction for this case. The important thing to remember about stating hypotheses is that you formulate your prediction directional or not , and then you formulate a second hypothesis that is mutually exclusive of the first and incorporates all possible alternative outcomes for that case.
When your study analysis is completed, the idea is that you will have to choose between the two hypotheses.
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